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Direct linkLubke, Gitta H.; Muthen, Bengt O. – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
Treating Likert rating scale data as continuous outcomes in confirmatory factor analysis violates the assumption of multivariate normality. Given certain requirements pertaining to the number of categories, skewness, size of the factor loadings, and so forth, it seems nevertheless possible to recover true parameter values if the data stem from a…
Descriptors: Likert Scales, Factor Analysis, Factor Structure, Multivariate Analysis
Vautier, Stephane; Callahan, Stacey; Moncany, Delphine; Sztulman, Henri – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
Single constructs measured using positively and negatively worded items are often incompatible with a congeneric model, but require 2 correlated factors. Imperfect correlation entails that 2 independent dimensions are required for representing the true variance. If 2 dimensions are sought, how can they be interpreted? This study shows how to…
Descriptors: Factor Structure, Anxiety, Questionnaires, Construct Validity
Hilton, Sterling C.; Schau, Candace; Olsen, Joseph A. – Structural Equation Modeling, 2004
In addition to student learning, positive student attitudes have become an important course outcome for many introductory statistics instructors. To adequately assess changes in mean attitudes across introductory statistics courses, the attitude instruments used should be invariant by administration time. Attitudes toward statistics from 4,910…
Descriptors: Student Attitudes, College Students, Higher Education, Factor Structure
