Extended reality (XR) is a general term for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR). By converting abstract digital expressions into intelligent feedback through figures, one can effectively compensate for the poor performance of traditional learning in deep cognitive processing and operational skills training.…

This study examined whether answering focused explanative questions during pauses in an immersive virtual reality (IVR) lesson on pipetting procedures could enhance learning. The goal was to take a generative learning activity, known to be effective for declarative knowledge with conventional media, to the context of procedural knowledge with…

Contemporary technological advancements offer new possibilities for enhancing user creativity. We aimed to explore how technology can boost student creativity to meet the twenty-first century's demand for innovative talent. Based on the 4P model of creativity (person, process, product, and press) and constructivist theory, a virtual reality (VR)…

Anatomy forms the foundation for the training and execution of routine surgical procedures. However, a gap persists in effectively bridging anatomical knowledge with the confident performance of procedures. Virtual simulation (VS) techniques, based on experiential and situated learning theory, hold promise in addressing this challenge.…

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Web-based interactive (WBI) presentations in reducing students' cognitive load and increasing their situational interest in learning. Traditionally, many learning practices fail to optimize students' cognitive resources by presenting irrelevant content and activities. However, practical…

Despite the metaverse having been increasingly designed, developed, and applied to education, critical issues regarding the lack of truly immersive learning environments, custom tools, clear instructional design, and inconvenience of using the platform, and ethics and privacy concerns exist. This study aimed to design and develop a 3-D metaverse…

The relationship between digital games and the mobilization of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies deserves attention and needs research that contributes to the understanding of how these strategies can favor the teaching and learning processes. This study describes how university students over 18 years of age mobilize cognitive and…

This paper examines the possibilities and limitations of introducing simulated experiments in the psychology domain by practicing a course with graduate students in psychology, in which simulated experiments were conducted in place of real human experiments. The class-learning object was the dual-storage model of human memory. The simulation…

Being efficient learners is important in the modern workforce, but improved performance and cognitive load do not imply that students are efficient learners. This study investigated the effectiveness of a personalized role-playing game in students' learning efficiency (LE) and mental efficiency. Results showed that students in the personalized…

For nearly two decades, augmented reality (AR) has found diverse applications in education, particularly in science education, where its efficacy has been supported by relevant theories and many empirical studies. However, previous studies have revealed the following research deficit: While AR technology appears to influence learning-related…

This study examined the impact of augmented reality (AR) on engineering education, focusing on spatial visualisation skills and cognitive load in an engineering drawing course. The research is based on cognitive load theory and spatial visualisation frameworks. It compares three AR methods--marker-based (MBAR), markerless (MLAR) and Web-based…

This study aims to investigate the effects of different design tasks on the cognitive load level of instructional designers during the process of designing a learning activity in a 3D multi-user virtual environment (MUVE). The sample consisted of 16 undergraduate students who were experienced in the areas of instructional design, computer…

With its immersive, interactive, and creative capabilities, virtual reality (VR) has been widely used in educational settings to provide students with challenging real-world experiences. As a result, interest in its effectiveness has grown. The goal of this meta-analysis is to examine how VR technology affects students' motivation to study. A…

Researchers are increasingly exploring educational games in immersive virtual reality (IVR) environments to facilitate students' learning experiences. Mainly, the effect of IVR on learning outcomes has been the focus. However, far too little attention has been paid to the influence of game elements and IVR features on learners' perceived…

Research evidence indicated that a specific type of augmented reality-assisted (AR-assisted) science learning design or support might not suit or be effective for all students because students' cognitive load might differ according to their experiences and individual characteristics. Thus, this study aimed to identify undergraduate students'…