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Direct linkJohnson, Austin H.; Chafouleas, Sandra M.; Briesch, Amy M. – School Psychology Quarterly, 2017
In this study, generalizability theory was used to examine the extent to which (a) time-sampling methodology, (b) number of simultaneous behavior targets, and (c) individual raters influenced variance in ratings of academic engagement for an elementary-aged student. Ten graduate-student raters, with an average of 7.20 hr of previous training in…
Descriptors: Generalizability Theory, Sampling, Elementary School Students, Learner Engagement
Download full textZhang, Mo – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
Many testing programs use automated scoring to grade essays. One issue in automated essay scoring that has not been examined adequately is population invariance and its causes. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sampling in model calibration on population invariance of automated scores. This study analyzed scores…
Descriptors: Automation, Scoring, Essay Tests, Sampling
