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Tsai, Meng-Jung; Liang, Jyh-Chong; Hsu, Chung-Yuan – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2021
Computational thinking has received tremendous attention from computer science educators and educational researchers in the last decade. However, most prior literature defines computational thinking as thinking outcomes rather than thinking processes. Based on Selby and Woodland's framework, this study developed and validated the Computational…
Descriptors: Computation, Thinking Skills, Skill Development, Technological Literacy
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Tsai, Meng-Jung; Wang, Ching-Yeh; Hsu, Po-Fen – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2019
Computer programming has been gradually emphasized in recent computer literacy education and regarded as a requirement for all middle school students in some countries. To understand young students' perceptions about their own learning in computer programming, this study aimed to develop an instrument, Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Scale…
Descriptors: Programming, Computer Literacy, Middle School Students, Student Attitudes
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Donovan, Loretta; Green, Tim D.; Mason, Candice – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2014
Despite it being the second decade of the 21st century, there still exists a range of definitions of what a 21st century learning environment is. This can be troublesome for teacher educators as we strive to prepare teachers for environments we can't clearly describe. In order to describe a 21st century learning environment, we developed an IC Map…
Descriptors: Educational Change, Change Strategies, Educational Innovation, Teaching Skills