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Farfan, Guillermo; Schoen, Robert C. – Grantee Submission, 2021
Many studies conducted in the last decades report that very few elementary-grades students understand the meaning of = in mathematics, and that upper-elementary students do not understand it any better than the lower-elementary students do. Using data from thousands of Florida elementary students, we show that students in Florida perform ten to…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Mathematics Instruction, Symbols (Mathematics), Instructional Program Divisions
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Karen D. Thompson; Guadalupe Díaz – Grantee Submission, 2019
This policy brief addresses the question: How long does it take English learners (ELs) to attain English proficiency and exit EL services? The researchers analyzed statewide longitudinal data from students who entered Oregon schools as ELs in kindergarten between 2006-07 and 2012-13. Using discrete-time survival analysis, the results of this study…
Descriptors: English Learners, Language Proficiency, English (Second Language), Time Factors (Learning)