The purpose of this study was to explore how middle school principals stay current with social media used by young adolescents. This study also explored middle school principals' developmentally responsive practices that guide young adolescent use of social media. Although middle school principals may believe their practices to be effective, these…

The indispensability of ICT tools in EFL classrooms is rather taken for granted, often in a way to promote the teaching/learning experience. Accordingly, teachers more than ever are encouraged or even explicitly instructed to use different tools inside the classroom. However, the lack of a systematic approach that governs the design and the…

Artificial intelligence research on creative design has led to Structure-Behavior-Function (SBF) models that emphasize functions as abstractions for organizing understanding of physical systems. Empirical studies on understanding complex systems suggest that novice understanding is shallow, typically focusing on their visible structures and…