One aim of this article is to shift mindsets from the traditional identification of written language abilities that are "missing" in students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) to writing assessment as the discovery of more complex language strengths foundational to success across disciplines. The multiple language-levels (MLL)…

Middle school learners with disabilities, particularly learning disabilities, struggle with organizing their thoughts, expressing their ideas, spelling, the use of content vocabulary, the mechanics of writing, fluency, and overall, the primary elements of written expression (Graham et al., 2015). While writing complicates learning for students…

This study examined the functional relation between the use of a computer-based graphic organizer (CBGO) with embedded technology features and the improvements in the personal narrative writing by upper elementary students with high-incidence disabilities. In addition, this study explored the improvements in the students' digital literacy skills…