Examinees who attempt the same test multiple times are often referred to as "repeaters." Previous studies suggested that repeaters should be excluded from the total sample before equating because repeater groups are distinguishable from non-repeater groups. In addition, repeaters might memorize anchor items, causing item drift under a…

Possible lack of motivation is a perpetual concern when tests have no stakes attached to performance. Specifically, the validity of test score interpretations may be compromised when examinees are unmotivated to exert their best efforts. Motivation filtering, a procedure that filters out apparently unmotivated examinees, was applied to the…