Eye gaze tracking has recently become indispensable for domains like virtual reality, augmented reality, human-computer interaction and advertisement. The commercial eye gaze tracking equipment is too expensive to be used by the masses. In this manuscript, a non-invasive, low-resolution ordinary camera-based system has been proposed for tracking…

Problem solving is one of the high-level thinking skills and essential in teaching mathematical concepts and procedures. The eye-tracking method allows educators to see and interpret different problem-solving behaviours of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem-solving behaviours of university students based on eye…

In this study, the authors examined the impact of irrelevant visual images in a PowerPoint lecture on attention and information retention performance. They found students viewing text-only PowerPoint slides retained less information than students viewing text-and-image slides, but the difference did not reach significance. However, when examining…

This study proposes a software system for determining gaze patterns in on-screen testing. The system applies machine learning techniques to eye-movement data obtained from an eye-tracking device to categorize students according to their gaze behavior pattern while solving an on-screen test. These patterns are determined by converting eye movement…

What can eye movements reveal about reading, a complex skill ubiquitous in everyday life? Research suggests that gaze can reflect short-term comprehension for facts, but it is unknown whether it can measure long-term, deep comprehension. We tracked gaze while 147 participants read long, connected, informative texts and completed assessments of…

This study investigated the design processes for developing eye training materials for children with low vision (CLV) using computer game applications based on eye movement tracking to enhance their vision skills. The primary aim was to create interactive eye training materials tailored to improve CLV's vision abilities. Employing a design-based…

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to design and implement an intelligent online proctoring system (IOPS) by using the advantage of artificial intelligence technology in order to monitor the online exam, which is urgently needed in online learning settings worldwide. As a pilot application, the authors used this system in an authentic…

This analysis investigates two differential "PowerPoint" slide designs--presentation and teleprompter--for multimedia learning. Eye tracking measures assessed differences in fixations. Participants demonstrated greater fixation counts for teleprompter slides, measures of aesthetic liking evidenced that slides incorporating imagery…

The demand for online invigilation programs had dramatically increased due to the expansion of online learning; however, demand was further galvanized by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, there are many technical and ethical problems with these programs that cannot be easily mitigated. Notably, they are beset by several inherent racial,…

As deviations from what is expected, anomalies are typically seen as an obstruction to making good predictions or an impulse to revise the predictive framework. Here, we consider a different possibility--that anomalies, particularly those related to cognitive processing, may be a valuable source of diagnostic information. More specifically, we…

Teacher educators use various measures to gauge pre-service teachers' knowledge, skills, and attitudes, including behavioral measures, self-report questionnaires, and interviews. These measures often fail to capture the granularities of the teaching and learning processes. As such, there has been a burgeoning and recent interest in the use of…

Virtual reality (VR) is gaining momentum in language education thanks to technological advances and technology at a cost that is affordable for deploying a learning experience. However, there is a need for more research to identify the topics that are most suitable to be taught using VR in English as a foreign language (EFL) courses. In order to…

Teaching computer-assisted translation (CAT) can require providing students with direct instructions on how to operate specific CAT tools. As opposed to subjects like translation theories, the teaching of CAT is often expected not only to instigate critical reflection but also to develop students' instrumental software skills. Striking a balance…

We propose that machine-learned computational models (MLCMs), in which the model parameters and perhaps even structure are learned from data, can complement extant approaches to the study of text and discourse. Such models are particularly useful when theoretical understanding is insufficient, when the data are rife with nonlinearities and…

In this study, we investigated which section of a page was difficult for students to read, based on eye movement data and subjective impressions of the page's difficulty, with the aim of helping teachers revise teaching materials. It is problematic to manually model relationships between eye movements and subjective impressions of the page's…