Network analysis in educational research has primarily relied on self-reported relationships or connections inferred from online learning environments, such as discussion forums. However, a large part of students' social connections through day-to-day on-campus encounters has remained underexplored. The paper examines spatial-temporal student…

Problem Statement: Learners can access and participate in online learning environments regardless of time and geographical barriers. This brings up the umbrella concept of learner autonomy that contains self-directed learning, self-regulated learning and the studying process. Motivation and learning strategies are also part of this umbrella…