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Ju Zhan; Qiyu Sun; Lawrence Jun Zhang – Language Teaching Research, 2024
The present study investigated the potential of writing in English as a foreign language (EFL) for language learning by manipulating cognitive task complexity based on related models and hypotheses. English essays written by 59 Chinese postgraduate EFL students from different subject areas were analysed with reference to writing complexity,…
Descriptors: Syntax, Writing (Composition), Difficulty Level, Vocabulary
Nomsa Zindela – International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 2023
This study explores syntactic and lexical complexity in argumentative essays written by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Humans (HS). First year Tswana second language (L2) learners of English in a South African University wrote the HS argumentative essays. The AI essays have been generated by ChatGPT-3.5 on the same topics. Using a…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Syntax, Vocabulary, Artificial Intelligence
Jennifer Howse – ProQuest LLC, 2020
This study used corpus-based methodology to analyze what, if any, differences exist in the linguistic complexity of EdD and PhD dissertations in Educational Leadership. The study is conceptually framed around language variation within discipline and genre. The corpus created for this study, DISSCORP, was comprised of 200 dissertations, 100 EdD and…
Descriptors: Language Usage, Difficulty Level, Doctoral Dissertations, Instructional Leadership
Chili Li; Xue Wang; Long Qian – SAGE Open, 2025
The effectiveness of English Language Teaching (ELT) materials significantly influences the learning outcomes of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, positioning these resources as cardinal in the acquisition process. Despite this widely acknowledged significance, there remains a notable gap in research concerning the evaluation of key…
Descriptors: Syntax, Difficulty Level, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language)
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari; Xiaofei Lu; Yizhou Wang – Language Awareness, 2025
This study explored the relationship between task complexity, textual emotionality, and linguistic complexity in second language (L2) writing. Fifty-eight L2 English learners performed simple and complex versions of an argumentative writing task manipulated along with resource-directing variables. The essays were first analysed for textual…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language)
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari; Jongbong Lee – Language Awareness, 2025
This study investigates how task complexity affects native speakers' and second language (L2) learners', and experts' perceptions of task difficulty in writing tasks. It also explores how task complexity influences English native speakers' and L2 learners' linguistic complexity in their writing. Ninety participants performed one simple and one…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Linguistics, Student Attitudes, English
Nihat Polat; Laura Mahalingappa; Rae Mancilla – AERA Open, 2024
Language proficiency policies act as critical gatekeepers for multilingual international students (MIS) who intend to pursue an education at English-medium universities. The current study revisits the question of the predictive validity of a standardized English proficiency exam--International English Language Testing System (IELTS)--in comparison…
Descriptors: Language Tests, English (Second Language), Syntax, Difficulty Level
Xiaopeng Zhang; Xiaofei Lu – Language Learning, 2024
This study examined the relationship of linguistic complexity, captured using a set of lexical richness, syntactic complexity, and discoursal complexity indices, to second language (L2) learners' perception of text difficulty, captured using L2 raters' comparative judgment on text comprehensibility and reading speed. Testing materials were 180…
Descriptors: Syntax, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Decision Making
Qian, Leyi; Yang, Yong; Zhao, Yali – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2021
This study aims to explore to what extent syntactic complexity predicts holistic scores generated by China's two prominent automated writing evaluation systems--"pigai" and "iWrite," the results of which will have some implications for the validity of these two systems. In the meanwhile, this study targets how syntactic…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Syntax, Difficulty Level, Scores
Sun, Haimei – Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 2020
Reading texts may serve as a vital source of informational content and language knowledge for second language (L2) learners, which is known as the dual relevance of L2 reading (Han & D'Angelo, 2009). Text complexity, however, influences the two, determining to a great extent whether the dual outcome is attainable. Drawing on Complex Dynamic…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Difficulty Level, Readability, Textbooks
Li Qian; Sarimah Shamsudin – Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 2023
The pervasive use of information and computer technology in second or foreign language learning has led researchers to explore the ideal tasks for technological environments to facilitate second language (L2) learning. This study intended to contribute new knowledge to this area by examining the effects of the task complexity manipulated along the…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction, Educational Technology
Tlatso Nkhobo; Chaka Chaka – International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 2023
This article reports on a comparative analysis of two sets of essays, student-discursive essays (SDEs) and ChatGPT-generated discursive essays (ChatGPT-GDEs) on the same essay topic using Coh-Metrix. It focused on three Coh-Metrix indices, lexical density, syntactic complexity, and referential cohesion as the basis for the comparative analysis.…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, College Students, Persuasive Discourse, Writing (Composition)
Eckstein, Grant; Sims, Maureen; Rohm, Lisa – TESL Canada Journal, 2020
Dynamic written corrective feedback (DWCF) is a pedagogical approach that offers meaningful, manageable, constant, and timely corrective feedback on student writing (Hartshorn et al., 2010). It emphasizes indirect and comprehensive written error correction on short, daily writing assignments. Numerous studies have demonstrated that its use can…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Written Language, Error Correction, Time Factors (Learning)
Ning Fan; Yingying Ma – SAGE Open, 2024
Researchers have been investigating the effects of different planning conditions on learners' second language (L2) writing performance. However, whether such effects differ regarding specific planning conditions and task complexity has remained underexplored. This study examined the effects of pre-task planning (PTP) versus unpressured online…
Descriptors: Writing Instruction, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Syntax
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari; Minyoung Cho – Language Teaching Research, 2025
To test the predictive power of the SSARC (stabilize, simplify, automatize, reconstruct, and complexify) model of pedagogic task sequencing in second language (L2) writing development, the present study explores the performance of written decision-making tasks with varied levels of cognitive complexity in a simple-to-complex sequence in comparison…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Advanced Students