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Download full textChzhen, Yekaterina; Rees, Gwyther; Gromada, Anna; Cuesta, Jose; Bruckauf, Zlata – UNICEF, 2018
In the world's richest countries, some children do worse at school than others because of circumstances beyond their control, such as where they were born, the language they speak or their parents' occupations. These children enter the education system at a disadvantage and can drop further behind if educational policies and practices reinforce,…
Descriptors: Equal Education, Social Bias, Socioeconomic Influences, Foreign Countries
Mullis, Ina V. S.; Martin, Michael O.; Foy, Pierre; Hooper, Martin – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2017
PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) was inaugurated in 2001 as a follow-up to International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's 1991 Reading Literacy Study. Conducted every five years, PIRLS assesses the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling--an important transition…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Grade 4, Foreign Countries, International Assessment
Peer reviewedMulligan, Gail M.; Brimhall, DeeAnn; West, Jerry – National Center for Education Statistics, 2005
This report is the latest in a series of NCES reports on young children's nonparental care and education arrangements. It presents the most recent data available for children under the age of 6, taken from the 2001 administration of the ECPP. Interviews were conducted with parents or guardians of 6,741 children under age 6 who were not yet…
Descriptors: Child Care, Young Children, Early Childhood Education, Age Differences
