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O'Rear, Connor D.; Zippert, Erica L.; Ehrman, Patrick; Westerberg, Lauren; Lonigan, Christopher J.; Purpura, David J. – Infant and Child Development, 2023
In two studies, we investigated whether using three-dimensional (3D) manipulatives during assessment aided performance on a variety of preschool mathematics tasks compared to pictorial representations. On measures of children's understanding of counting and cardinality (n = 103), there was no difference in performance between manipulatives and…
Descriptors: Manipulative Materials, Mathematics Instruction, Pictorial Stimuli, Preschool Education