Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) has been widely recognized as a reliable predictor of reading proficiency. Although RAN represents the speed of cognitive processing, there are few studies that have addressed RAN as a cognitive process in its own right Furthermore, RAN performance of ELL (English Language Learners) has been less frequently…

Learning about components and processes of complex biological systems is challenging and requires abstraction through mediational tools such as text, visuals, models and visualisation experiences. The 'systems concepts' necessitate building coherent relations and anticipating consequences, requiring greater mediational support. This article…

Formative assessment in science has long been reported to support students' scientific understanding. It involves teachers gathering assessment evidence, interpreting it in the light of learning goals and providing feedback to bridge the gap between students' current state of understanding and the desired educational goals. This study examines how…