This study examined the differences and similarities among the writing of three types of developmental English and advanced ESL United States community college students, comparing the writing of resident English learners (RL2), whose home language was not English but who attended United States public schools for five years or more, to that of…

In this quantitative study, which utilized focus group survey method, the relationship among anxiety (specifically speaking anxiety in classroom), ideal L2-self and willingness to communicate was explored. The participants of the study were selected using convenience sampling model, and were composed of 81 volunteer students in total (26 females,…

This study aims at investigating the language strengths and weaknesses of Hong Kong self-directed learners, their learning needs, and their self-directed learning experiences with the use of diagnostic language test and examining whether the test can help the learners to self-direct their own learning. The test results showed that less than half…