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Download full textRussakoff, Dale – Foundation for Child Development, 2011
In 1974, the United States Supreme Court ruled in "Lau v. Nichols" that 1,800 Chinese-speaking children in the San Francisco public schools were entitled to English-language instruction or other support to help them understand what was happening in their classrooms. Thirty-six years later, state and local responsibilities to public…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Achievement Gap, English (Second Language), Speech Communication
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Direct linkFerrara, Steve – Educational Assessment, 2008
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires all states to assess the English proficiency of English language learners each school year. Under Title I and Title III of No Child Left Behind, states are required to measure the annual growth of students' English language development in reading, listening, writing, and speaking and in comprehension…
Descriptors: Speech Communication, Federal Legislation, Second Language Learning, Psychometrics
