Following ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989, councils involving young people have become widespread, both in developed and developing countries. However, these councils are said to reflect the hierarchical nature of parliamentary and representative democracy, leading to tokenistic…

This article chronologically reviews different contributions of the non-governmental organizations to the positive parenting initiative currently adopted in Spain. It starts with the theoretical framework adopted by UNICEF and the Oxford University researchers on the contribution of the International Agencies and NGOs to this subject that was…

Describes ways six large, international, child-focused nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have responded to the nearly universal ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Considers the role of NGOs in drafting the CRC, changes in their human rights/child rights programs, and the inclusion of children's participation in…

This paper examines ways to educate the 160 million children denied access to primary schools and the 960 million adults throughout the world still illiterate in 1990. It focuses on three especially marginalized groups: (1) girls and women, who make up the majority of unschooled and illiterate children and adults; (2) the children of ethnic…

This report describes a seminar designed to develop a better understanding of the problems and needs of working children and children living in the streets, to analyze policy and program experiences in working with such children, and to draft a set of recommendations to help improve the conditions of street and working children in the context of…