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Download full textJing Liu; Emily K. Penner; Wenjing Gao – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2023
Teachers' sense-making of student behavior determines whether students get in trouble and are formally disciplined. Status categories, such as race, can influence perceptions of student culpability, but the degree to which teachers' initial identification of student misbehavior exacerbates racial disproportionality in discipline receipt is…
Descriptors: Teachers, Urban Schools, Referral, Teacher Behavior
Mark Murphy; Angela Johnson – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2022
This study examines the effects of English Learner (EL) status on subsequent Special Education (SPED) placement. Through a research-practice partnership, we link student demographic data and initial English proficiency assessment data across seven cohorts of test takers and observe EL and SPED programmatic participation for these students over…
Descriptors: Student Placement, Identification, English Learners, Special Education
