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Direct linkMorin, Alexandre J. S.; Marsh, Herbert W.; Nagengast, Benjamin; Scalas, L. Francesca – Journal of Experimental Education, 2014
Many classroom climate studies suffer from 2 critical problems: They (a) treat climate as a student-level (L1) variable in single-level analyses instead of a classroom-level (L2) construct in multilevel analyses; and (b) rely on manifest-variable models rather than on latent-variable models that control measurement error at L1 and L2, and sampling…
Descriptors: Classroom Environment, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Structural Equation Models, Grade 5
Wilson, Kathleen M.; Trainin, Guy – Reading Psychology, 2007
This study examined factors affecting motivation for reading, writing, and spelling in primary grade students using a new measure, the Early Literacy Motivation Survey (ELMS). First-graders (198) responded to questions measuring attributions, self-efficacy, and perceived competence. The ELMS uses scenarios and short tasks to contextualize the…
Descriptors: Primary Education, Motivation, Young Children, Self Efficacy
