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Vukovic, Rose K. – Exceptional Children, 2012
An overarching question guided this study:What is mathematics difficulty (MD) independent of reading difficulty (RD)? The sample included 203 children whom the researchers followed from kindergarten to third grade. The researchers used latent growth modeling to investigate the relationship between MD and measures of working memory, short-term…
Descriptors: Reading Difficulties, Short Term Memory, Kindergarten, Grade 3
Moeser, Shannon Dawn – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1979
The fan effect (the difficulty in retrieving any one fact after learning many about a concept) occurs only when the facts with repeated concepts are stored as independent episodes. It tells us nothing about the code formed by a pattern of interconnected concepts. (Author/CP)
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Difficulty Level, Foreign Countries, Higher Education