The majority of naturalistic reading occurs within passages. Therefore, it is important to understand how reading in context affects the division of labor between semantic and orthographic processing. However, it is difficult to compare the cognitive processes elicited by reading in context and lists because of the perceptual differences that…

We present the results of an empirical test of the hypothesis that transfer of orthographic processing to reading occurs when the scripts under acquisition are written with the same unit (specifically, the same alphabet). We tested 97 Spanish-English bilingual children in Grades 4 and 7. We measured mother's education level, verbal and nonverbal…

A study investigated how knowledge of a word's meaning, phonology, and orthography influences who will become a poor reader and who will develop adequate skill. Subjects (38 students from a small Ontario, Canada, city) were selected in grade 2 for their poor reading ability and followed until they reached grade 4. Conditions were devised in which…