It is a hard task to strike a balance between extents of control a learner exercises and the amount of guidance, active or passive, afforded by the learning environment to guide, support, and motivate the learner. Adaptive systems strive to find the right balance in a spectrum that spans between self-control and system-guidance. They also concern…

Many schools across the United States and Canada are now implementing response-to-intervention (RTI) as a means to address the needs of students who struggle with reading, writing, or math by using dual discrepancy (i.e., low ability and little to no progress over time with targeted intervention programming) as a means to classify for learning…

Joel seemed blessed with remarkable talents, but they did not reveal themselves in any obvious way in a school or class setting. Although he had been given an IQ test, his exact score could not be calculated--but it was well over 160. On a test of musical ability, Joel had attained a perfect score on all four musical attributes--a first for the…