This paper contributes to ongoing conversations on the contextual differences and considerations between learning an Indigenous language as a member of an Indigenous nation or community and learning an Indigenous language as a non-Indigenous person (Albury, 2015; Berardi-Wiltshire & Bortolotto, 2022; May 2023; O'Toole, 2020; Te Huia, 2020).…

This paper examines the intersection of heritage-language education advocacy with anti-racist activism in the 1970s and 1980s in Toronto. The province of Ontario initiated the Heritage Languages Program in 1977. By focusing on discontinuities in the policy's implementation, the paper identifies multiple strategies that Black anti-racist activists…

Language policies in any country exist within socio-historical contexts--embedded in history and influenced by socio-political factors. In Canada, such factors were the impetus to the formation of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which was grounded in an English/French partnership and recommended that Canada become an…

The existing minority language situation of French Canadians in Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces is examined, highlighting the historical, political, social, and educational aspects of bilingualism in Canada. Additive and subtractive forces in Canadian bilingualism and biculturalism are outlined for comparison. French…

The political and pedagogical issues arising from language legislation, language policy, and language planning in a bilingual country such as Canada are analyzed. The socio-historical context of bilingualism in Canada is reviewed, and Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (appended), which imposes a constitutional requirement…

Nanagusja is a Tsuut'ina (Sarcee) language development program designed to complement the Tsuut'ina community's endeavors to revive and maintain the Tsuut'ina language. It is also anticipated that Nanagusja will have a positive effect on the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor development of the Tsuut'ina youth who are exposed to this resource.…

Examines the recent evolution of three indigenous languages in Eastern Canada (Ojibway, Mohawk, and Inuktitut), focusing on efforts to revive and maintain indigenous languages. Discusses linguistic and cultural identity, ownership, and change in indigenous communities. (39 references) (MDM)

Nanagusja is a Tsuut'ina (Sarcee) language development program composed of 10 video programs, a teacher's guide, and a unit plan book. The unit plan book, presented here, includes 10 units with 12 to 15 lessons each. Each unit begins with notes to the teacher and a Unit Overview Chart to be used to plan activities for each class. The teacher must…

Results of a provincial survey of Manitoba's French immersion program graduates are reported. The two most recent cohorts of graduates (1987-88 and 1988-89) from nine secondary schools were surveyed, with 225 respondents. Three introductory sections describe the study's background and purpose, methodology, and interpretation. The fourth section…

This handbook, designed for limited-English-proficient students in Alberta (Canada) schools, provides general information on schools and curricula, high school graduation requirements, and English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) learning. It describes the overall organization of school divisions and age-grade placement, the school year schedule,…