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Direct linkHao, Xiaoxin; Xu, Zhiyi; Guo, Mingyue; Hu, Yuzheng; Geng, Fengji – International Journal of STEM Education, 2023
Background: Coding has become an integral part of STEM education. However, novice learners face difficulties in processing codes within embedded structures (also termed nested structures). This study aimed to investigate the cognitive mechanism underlying the processing of embedded coding structures based on hierarchical complexity theory, which…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Programming, Computer Science Education
Qin, Chao; Liu, Yanjia; Zhang, Hemei – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2023
Background: Being easy to learn and fun, block-based programming tools are widely used to teach students introductory programming. Scratch and LEGO robots are two popular block-based programming tools. However, the objects they manipulate are completely different. Scratch manipulates graphical virtual sprites, whereas LEGO robots manipulate…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Undergraduate Students, Learner Engagement, Robotics
Lin, Xiao-Fan; Wang, Jing; Chen, Yingshan; Zhou, Yue; Luo, Guoyu; Wang, Zhaoyang; Liang, Zhong-Mei; Hu, Xiaoyong; Li, Wenyi – Educational Technology & Society, 2023
Computational thinking (CT) is an imperative competency in the 21st century. Mindtools can assist students in understanding concepts and decomposing tasks during CT development through programming. However, students may encounter challenges in complex CT problem-solving tasks due to being confused when using mindtools without proper guidance.…
Descriptors: Reflection, Academic Achievement, Student Behavior, Computation
Xuanyan Zhong; Zehui Zhan – Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 2025
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) for programming learning based on information tutoring feedback (ITF) to provide real-time guidance and feedback to self-directed learners during programming problem-solving and to improve learners' computational thinking. Design/methodology/approach: By…
Descriptors: Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Computer Science Education, Programming, Independent Study
Xiao-Ming Wang; Wen-Qing Zhou; Gwo-Jen Hwang; Shi-Man Wang; Tong Huang – Educational Technology & Society, 2024
Knowing the factors affecting students' learning achievement in digital learning is a crucial educational issue nowadays. However, recent research has paid less attention to how an individual's internal factors (prior knowledge) influence their learning achievement through cognitive engagement, and previous studies generally employed students'…
Descriptors: Electronic Learning, Prior Learning, Cognitive Processes, Learner Engagement
Zhong, Baichang; Zheng, Jijun; Zhan, Zehui – Interactive Learning Environments, 2023
This study examined the effects of virtual and physical robots (VPR) using in different learning stages (simple session/complex session) in a robotics programming course. A quasi-experimental design was implemented with 84 junior high school students from two classes. One class with 44 students used combination of VPR strategy for learning,…
Descriptors: Robotics, Programming, Junior High School Students, Educational Technology
