Scholars paid attention to the relationship between homework frequency and academic performance, however, fewer of them noticed that the relationship might be nonlinear and may vary across different types of homework. This study aims at exploring the nonlinear relationship between the different types of homework frequency and mathematical academic…

The deepened understandings of the Double Reduction policy have instigated a transition from focusing on reduction in homework quantity to emphasizing homework quality in Chinese basic education. The digital transformation in education offers new opportunities to address the current issues with homework management, such as unscientific design of…

This study classified profiles of homework approaches involving eighth graders in China, regarding the likely combinations of surface and deep approaches to homework. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified five distinct homework approach profiles: "High Deep/Low Surface", "Low Deep/Low Surface", "Moderate Deep/Moderate…

In this study, we applied multilevel piecewise linear regression with a random-effects model under a Bayesian estimation framework to a total of 5,072 7th grade students in 35 schools to search for an optimum time in terms of the effect of homework time on student academic achievement. First, we found a nonlinear relationship between time spent on…

The aim of this investigation is to identify different profiles of undergraduates based on online homework management strategies: arranging the environment, managing time, monitoring motivation, cognitive reappraisal, emotion management, and handling distraction. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to investigate online homework management…

Inspired by complex system theory, this study adopts a multilevel piecewise regression model to examine the relationship between homework time and the development of students in different grades using a large-scale testing database in China. The results indicate that the relationship between homework time and students' performance is positive when…

This study investigated multilevel models of homework time management involving Chinese middle school students. At the individual level, homework time management was positively associated with arranging the environment, monitoring motivation, time on homework, and teacher and parent autonomy support. Additionally, homework time management was…

Online homework has become an important teaching and learning activity due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions. This study explored the relationship between primary students' online homework completion and learning achievement. It also investigated the moderating effects of key factors including the role of the students and the…

Homework is a self-regulated activity that constitutes a large proportion of learning time. In mathematics, how long is the optimal homework time for achievement development and how to improve homework time efficiency have long been questions. The study examined how mathematics homework time was related to mathematics achievement among Chinese…

The introduction of online homework has revolutionized traditional assignment formats, providing students with access to abundant learning resources, a convenient platform for completing assignments, real-time interactive learning opportunities, and accurate feedback. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the perspectives of elementary…

Background: Mathematics homework is highly prevalent in East Asia. Teachers and parents expect mathematics homework to improve students' performance; however, studies have not clearly defined the effectiveness of the assignment of different amounts of homework. Aims: This study analyses the differential effect of homework amount on various facets…

The present study investigated multilevel models posited to predict student approaches to homework. Participants were 1,072 middle school students in China. Results revealed that deep and surface approaches were positively associated with performance-approach. Furthermore, deep approach to homework was associated negatively with homework cost, yet…

In July 2021 the Chinese Government unexpectedly released what has become known colloquially as the 'Double-Reduction' policy. The policy decreed the reduction of homework pressure on students and greater control of private tutorial companies. In this paper, we set out to understand why the Chinese central government launched the…

The digital age has fundamentally altered the distribution of work and responsibilities in schools. Parents, as important stakeholders in schooling, are taking on more digital labour and facing changing roles. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, parents' digital labour often remained overlooked as they were not able to observe or participate in the…

The current investigation examined multilevel models aimed at predicting two dimensions of homework emotion regulation: emotion management and cognitive reappraisal. Our models integrated key components from self-determination, expectancy-value, achievement goal, learning approaches, and self-regulatory or volitional perspectives. The…