In science education, the abstraction and complexity of scientific concepts are usually stumbling blocks that prevent students from learning science. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has offered transformative potential to support scientific concept learning by visualizing scientific phenomena and enhancing students' experiences. However, the lack…

The redox reaction is a core concept of upper-secondary school chemistry curriculum. Accurate diagnosis of students' conceptual understanding of the redox reaction from a cognitive structure perspective is critical for enhancing their understanding of chemical concepts. This study utilized Bayesian networks to investigate the cognitive structures…