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Direct linkKlette, Kirsti; Blikstad-Balas, Marte – European Educational Research Journal, 2018
The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of coding and observation manuals in classroom studies. While observation manuals have been a part of the methodological toolkit for measuring various aspects of instruction for decades, the field has also been suffering from "paradigm wars," fragmentation and local production of instruments.…
Descriptors: Classroom Observation Techniques, Guides, Coding, Research Methodology
Arffman, Inga – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2016
Open-ended (OE) items are widely used to gather data on student performance in international achievement studies. However, several factors may threaten validity when using such items. This study examined Finnish coders' opinions about threats to validity when coding responses to OE items in the PISA 2012 problem-solving test. A total of 6…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries, International Assessment, Secondary School Students
