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Piermattéo, Anthony; Tavani, Jean-Louis; Monaco, Grégory Lo – Field Methods, 2018
To grasp how individuals and groups perceive social objects of their environment, word association tasks enable the cognitions associated with a given object to be collected. However, the lack of information regarding the meaning of these responses implies interpretation and subjectivity in their analysis. To reduce this subjectivity, this…
Descriptors: Undergraduate Students, Associative Learning, Cognitive Processes, Semantics
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Young, John W.; Morgan, Rick; Rybinski, Paul; Steinberg, Jonathan; Wang, Yuan – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
The "TOEFL Junior"® Standard Test is an assessment that measures the degree to which middle school-aged students learning English as a second language have attained proficiency in the academic and social English skills representative of English-medium instructional environments. The assessment measures skills in three areas: listening…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Test Items, Language Tests, Second Language Learning