Professionalisation in teaching has been the topic of extensive research in recent years, following in general two different approaches: the "competence-based approach" and the "critical reflection approach". With large-scale comparative studies such as PISA, TIMMS and PIRLS at the beginning of the 21st century, the former…

The rapidly changing economic, financial and social conditions require new knowledge and competences in order to be able to understand them, adapt to the new requirements and remain competitive and successful in the globalised social environment. Widening the access to lifelong learning is one way in which this could be achieved. A special role in…