Explanation of natural phenomena at one level of biological organisation almost always involves causes that are found at other levels. Although scientists thinking across levels find it easy to explain physiological phenomena, students often perceive this as a challenge. We developed a new graphic organiser called Zoom Map, which is a mode for…

The ability to reflect on teaching is crucially important for the professionalization of trainee teachers. The fostering of reflection processes -- by means of the systematic analysis of one's own and others' teaching from subject-specific, methodological, and educational science perspectives -- plays a central role in a continuing and consecutive…

This paper examines four studies, integrated into regular courses for the preparation of secondary school teachers at the University of Tuebingen (Germany), that assessed the effectiveness of an interaction laboratory to enhance social competence, as well as lecturing skills. The program involved formal instruction; symbolic modeling and…