The number of students who are deficient in literacy is increasing worldwide, possibly exacerbated by concurrent behavioral difficulties. This international challenge leads to the question of how and when to support children. Support should start in kindergarten and be focused on the acquisition of phonological awareness. Based on this premise, we…

We examined the contribution of rapid automatized naming (RAN) components (articulation time, pause time, and pause time consistency) to reading fluency, reading comprehension, and spelling in a sample of 257 German children (139 boys, 118 girls; M[subscript age] = 5.60 years, SD = 0.31) followed from kindergarten to Grade 1. In kindergarten,…