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Direct linkIrina Bauer; Tanja Kunz; Tobias Gummer – International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2025
In web surveys, no interviewer is present to clarify question comprehension problems, which can be particularly prevalent among respondents with low literacy skills. Although plain language is used in various contexts to improve text comprehensibility, its use in social science questionnaires has not been investigated to date. Using a…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Online Surveys, Data Collection, Questionnaires
Schwamborn, Annett; Mayer, Richard E.; Thillmann, Hubertina; Leopold, Claudia; Leutner, Detlev – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2010
In this study, 9th-grade students (N = 196) with a mean age of 14.7 years read a scientific text explaining the chemical process of doing laundry with soap and water and then took 3 tests. Students who were instructed to generate drawings during learning scored higher than students who only read on subsequent tests of transfer (d = 0.91),…
Descriptors: Freehand Drawing, Grade 9, Adolescents, Reading Comprehension
