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Jung, Janis; Krahé, Barbara; Busching, Robert – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2018
Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Aggression, Predictor Variables, Peer Influence
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Murayama, Kou; Pekrun, Reinhard; Lichtenfeld, Stephanie; vom Hofe, Rudolf – Child Development, 2013
This research examined how motivation (perceived control, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation), cognitive learning strategies (deep and surface strategies), and intelligence jointly predict long-term growth in students' mathematics achievement over 5 years. Using longitudinal data from six annual waves (Grades 5 through 10;…
Descriptors: Mathematics Achievement, Achievement Gains, Cognitive Processes, Learning Strategies