Reflection has been increasingly used to enhance student development in higher education, in both undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Learner autonomy is essential on reflection, particularly on how learners interpret their learning experiences. The learner has to take initiatives in making meaning of their learning by examining their…

Background: Holistic competencies comprise various holistic skills (e.g., communication) and positive values and attitudes (e.g., empathy). There have been increasing efforts worldwide to foster students' holistic competency development within engineering curricula. While recent studies indicate a positive shift, it remains unclear whether such…

Background: The worldwide pandemic has shifted eService-Learning from a pedagogical innovation into a must, challenging the applicability of frameworks and principles previously developed. Purpose: The authors aim to verify whether extreme eService-Learning can be assessed within Ma and Lo's holistic outcome framework and how to ensure its…

In response to the global imperative of nurturing all-round students, educational institutions and schools worldwide have been developing learning activities targeting holistic competency development of students. However, there have been resistance and challenges on how to develop such competencies. Extending the Presage-Process-Product (3P)…

Agency, understood as the capacity to act independently and to make one's own choices, is considered central to children's development. Thus, education, and hence education curricula, have a role in the development of learner agency. While curriculum development is a key focus for educational theory, research, policy, and classroom practice, the…