Although critical pedagogy has defined new roles for teachers through which they can step beyond classroom concerns, there seems to be little attention to these roles in the conceptualization and measures of teacher efficacy. This study was an attempt to review the available literature and measures of teacher efficacy to find out whether the…

The present study was conducted to construct and validate a questionnaire of social and cultural capital in the foreign language context of Iran. To this end, a questionnaire was designed by picking up the most frequently-used indicators of social and cultural capital. The Factorability of the intercorrelation matrix was measured by two tests:…