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Download full textKashiwagi, Kazuko; Ito, Yukiko – English Language Teaching, 2017
Even young EFL learners who have not yet learned L2 grammar will notice language patterns if, when retrieving exemplars ("item-based patterns"), they succeed in making form-meaning connections (FMCs). Item-based patterns, termed formulaic sequences (FS), serve as a basis for creative constructions. Although learners are implicitly…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Junior High School Students, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language)
Direct linkTakara, Nobutaka – ProQuest LLC, 2012
Itoman, one of the varieties spoken in the southern part of Okinawa Island, exhibits several tone patterns. Although the tone patterns of Itoman were examined in previous studies (Nakasone ms., Hattori 1959, Oshiro 1963, and Hirayama et al. 1966), they ended at the descriptive level, and no phonological accounts for the surface tone patterns were…
Descriptors: Phonology, Intonation, Language Patterns, Language Variation
