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de la Rie, Sanneke; van Steensel, Roel; van Gelderen, Amos; Severiens, Sabine – Education Sciences, 2021
It is hypothesized that variability found in the effects of family literacy programs results from differences in implementation by parents. In this study, the implementation and effects of a Dutch program were examined in a sample of 207 kindergarteners (mean age at pre-test: 64 months). No main intervention effects on children's literacy…
Descriptors: Family Literacy, Literacy Education, Family Programs, Kindergarten
Sawicki, Miroslaw – Eurydice, 2008
The Polish school education system makes a distinction between two types of assessment: (1) Intra-school or internal assessment; and (2) External assessment. The idea of introducing external examinations into the Polish school education system emerged in 1992. This was directly inspired by study visits to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Assessment, Educational Testing, Standardized Tests