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Download full textHeitzman, Andrew J. – 1968
The New York State Center for Migrant Studies conducted this 1968 study which investigated effects of token reinforcers on reading and arithmetic skills learnings of migrant primary school students during a 6-week summer school session. Students (Negro and Caucasian) received plastic tokens to reward skills learning responses. Tokens were traded…
Descriptors: Anglo Americans, Arithmetic, Blacks, Educational Psychology
Rule, Audrey C., Ed.; Hallagan, Jean E., Ed. – Online Submission, 2006
Background: Multiplication and division by fractions are among the most troublesome concepts in the elementary mathematics curriculum. Recent studies have shown that preservice elementary teachers in the United States do not have deep understandings of these concepts. Effective ways to improve preservice teachers' conceptual understanding of these…
Descriptors: Matched Groups, Equations (Mathematics), Pretests Posttests, Research Design
