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Alex Bakke – ProQuest LLC, 2024
Discourse markers (DMs) are linguistic forms characterized by their use as conversation organizers or pause fillers (Fox Tree, 2010). Although used frequently in both speech and writing, DMs are not often taught in L2 classrooms, despite incorrect usage causing potential misunderstandings (Polat, 2011). Additionally, L2 learners have been observed…
Descriptors: Spanish, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Language Classification
Callahan, Rebecca; Gautsch, Leslie; Hopkins, Megan; Carmen Unda, Maria Del – Educational Policy, 2022
With the 2015 passage of the "Every Student Succeeds Act" (ESSA), the oversight of language policy in U.S. schools shifted from federal to state governance. Although the education of students officially designated as English learners (ELs) has historically been grounded in federal law, we argue that ELs' educational experiences are also…
Descriptors: Educational Policy, English Language Learners, Immigrants, Social Attitudes
Weaver, Andrew; Kieffer, Michael J. – Grantee Submission, 2022
This study examines differences in English language comprehension, reading fluency, and executive functions among Spanish-English bilinguals with reading difficulties. Reading difficulties examined included general reading difficulties, defined by low word reading and reading comprehension, and specific-reading comprehension difficulties, defined…
Descriptors: Reading Tests, Achievement Tests, Intelligence Tests, Verbal Ability
Domanico, Ray – Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, 2023
In New York State, private and religious schools are required to offer a curriculum "substantially equivalent" to what is available in local public schools. Substantial equivalency--which has been law for nearly 130 years--allows parents to direct the education of their children by enrolling them in the school of their choice, while also…
Descriptors: Judaism, Religious Schools, Legal Problems, Beliefs
Koirala, Cesar; Jee, Rebecca Y. – Research-publishing.net, 2015
Although a reader's text-level comprehension is affected by the comprehension of individual sentences in a text, little attention has been paid to the difficulty of sentences. This study investigates whether measures (features) of text difficulty affect the "gradience" observed in sentence difficulty judgments. We examine two traditional…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Difficulty Level, Sentence Structure, Word Frequency
Koyama, Jill; Menken, Kate – Bilingual Research Journal, 2013
Immigrant youth who are designated as English language learners in American schools--whom we refer to as "emergent bilinguals"--are increasingly framed by numerical calculations. Utilizing the notion of assemblage from actor-network theory (ANT), we trace how emergent bilinguals are discursively constructed by officials, administrators,…
Descriptors: Accountability, Bilingual Education, Second Language Learning, English Language Learners
Fernandez, Nicole; Inserra, Albert – TESL-EJ, 2013
This study explores the possible causes behind the disproportionate percentages of English language learners (ELLs) classified into U.S. special education. Elementary school classroom teachers were examined, from school districts that exhibited growth in the percentage of English language learners with Individual Education Plans during 2007-2010.…
Descriptors: Disproportionate Representation, Special Education, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Spencer, Tamara – Childhood Education, 2012
Beth attends a New York City K-8, dual-language (Spanish/English) public school where 96% of the students qualify as low-income, based on participation in the federally funded lunch program. Early in Beth's 1st-grade year, she was classified as a struggling reader, based on district-wide assessments that identified academic deficits in such skill…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, Intervention, Literacy Education, Writing (Composition)