Educators have raised awareness of the importance of meaning in second language instruction over the last decades. However, second language (L2) education has not been as meaningful as researchers might have hoped. Drawing on Hanauer's meaningful literacy, this qualitative research examines Korean students' awareness of the English language…

Extending new verbs is important in becoming a productive speaker of a language. Prior results show children have difficulty extending verbs when they have seen events with varied agents. This study further examines the impact of variability on verb learning and asks whether variability interacts with event complexity or differs by language.…

From an information processing perspective, humans have a limited attentional capacity for processing information. Thus, second language (L2) researchers have investigated the role of pretask planning in task performance, finding that planning results in greater fluency and complexity but has mixed effects on accuracy. However, most planning…