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Oliveira, Hélia; Polo-Blanco, Irene; Henriques, Ana – Journal on Mathematics Education, 2021
The importance of students being acquainted with algebraic ideas before secondary education has been revealed in the research literature. It is therefore essential that prospective elementary teachers (PTs) be prepared to instill an early algebra perspective in their teaching. However, PTs often show difficulties in algebra content knowledge,…
Descriptors: Preservice Teachers, Mathematics Teachers, Algebra, Mathematics Education
Martin, Michael O., Ed.; Mullis, Ina V. S., Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013
TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) is an international assessment of mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth grades that has been conducted every four years since 1995, with the most recent assessment in 2011. PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is an international assessment of reading…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Mathematics Achievement, Science Achievement, Grade 4