Previous studies on web-based collaborative writing have shown that task modality impacts peer interaction patterns and attention to form. However, these studies have primarily focused on contrasting a face-to-face oral condition with a text-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) environment. Few studies have compared peer…

The English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' levels of attention and meditation as well as brainwaves while interacting with an interlocutor in three different second-language (L2) socialization contexts--with another human in person, with another person through a virtual platform, and with an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot--were…

This study examines EFL students' metacognitive strategy use in a university flipped classroom and the underlying factors of metacognitive strategy use. The participants in our study were students enrolled in an elective English course at a university in Taiwan, where they had to watch online course videos outside of class and participate in…