Extant literature has preliminarily confirmed the potential benefits of holographic projections for educational purposes. Yet, students' experiences of learning by holographic projection have rarely been addressed. The main purpose of this study was therefore to explore students' conceptions of and approaches to learning by holographic projection.…

The training of hostel service skills emphasizes the application of procedural knowledge and complex problem-solving skills, and with the development of education technology, game-based learning that mixes virtual reality (VR) and physical games has begun to be emphasized. In this study, we proposed a multi-dimensional scaffolding design framework…

This study examines how English-as-lingua-franca (ELF) learners employ semiotic resources, including head movements, gestures, facial expression, body posture, and spatial juxtaposition, to negotiate for meaning in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment. Ten ELF learners participated in a TaiwanSpain VR virtual exchange project and…

The crystal structure is an important topic in the STEM field and the basic knowledge to determine the material structure and its behaviour. There is a wealth of literature on three-dimensional (3D) and augmented reality (AR) technology to represent 3D crystal environments to provide a new way of visualisation and to foster spatial skills. This…

This article discusses the effect of using a commercial off-the-shelf immersive virtual reality game on engineering students' reaction time, hand-eye coordination, and spatial skills. Fifteen (15) college engineering students in Northern Taiwan were conveniently recruited in a single group. Participants were tasked to play the game for 30 min…

The integration of augmented reality (AR) and game-based learning could increase interaction in educational games and provide more learning guidance in higher education courses. This study developed an AR educational board game that featured cognitive scaffolding, immediate feedback, and collaborative interaction. The study also analyzed and…

This study developed a VR-based mobile learning system to simulate the natural environment of a geopark for university students to learn geological knowledge. This learning method used a Google cardboard equipped with smartphones, where students can watch stereoscopic scenes and experience virtual environments as if visiting the geopark. In order…

A review of the literature shows that much academic effort has been expended studying information system usage and information technology adoption. However, these theories/models based on psychological research are not specific to the virtual reality context and may not fully capture the nature of virtual reality-based learning system (VR-BLS)…

This study developed a wearable mixed reality (MR)-based mobile learning system and applied it to museum learning activities to explore whether the proposed system can effectively improve university students' learning outcomes, situational interest, and cognitive load. Four museums were selected as the informal learning sites, and 64 university…

As big data and artificial intelligence become integral to business decision-making, business management students require proficiency in data science and big data. However, the use of instructional technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and mind mapping to teach these subjects is limited. This study introduces an innovative pedagogical model…

Occupational safety and health education is usually lecture-based, and students generally have limited retention. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) facilitates students to learn and explore more actively in safe environments. However, learning with the aid of IVR may not guarantee better learning achievement, practical skills, and positive…

Background: Taiwan's higher education institutions prioritize interdisciplinary knowledge and cultural competence in cultural design, emphasizing the value of immersion in the local environment to develop cultural competence. However, challenges arise from the disappearance of traditional local lifestyles and limitations of traditional outdoor…

Intracultural learning has been neglected in English curricula in Taiwan since textbooks as an important learning resource have been mainly focused on English linguistic content and developing students' language skills and and target culture to develop students' language skill. This study investigated how making VR content helped students enhance…

In this paper, we discuss the teaching effects of augmented reality (AR) technology in German instruction. We conducted one prestudy and three formal studies on German learners in China's mainland and Taiwan region. In the formal studies, a total of 120 students participated in the survey, allowing us to compare the differences in interest in…

This study integrated augmented reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) maps into mobile learning for library use instruction. To maximize the benefits of mobile library applications (MLAs), their technology acceptance was examined. Because of the e-learning context, the General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning (GETAMEL)…