Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in research on teacher knowledge about technology integration, namely Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). However, few studies have investigated how teachers transform their teaching with technology. To fill this gap, the present study adopted the Substitution,…

Education research has shown that reflective study can efficiently enhance learning, and the acquisition of knowledge and skills from real-life situations has become a focus of interest for scholars. The knowledge-learning model based on verbal instruction, used in traditional classrooms, does not make use of real-life situations that encourage…