Understanding and addressing the literacy needs of middle school students is critical in ensuring their academic success. This quantitative study examines the literacy growth among middle school students participating in Tier II Response to Intervention and Instruction (RTI[superscript 2]) programs over the 2023-2024 academic year. It investigates…

Tennessee educational leaders initially implemented Response to Instruction and Intervention for the same reason other states across the nation adopted the framework; to identify students with specific learning disability. In 2014, Tennessee restructured the Response to Instruction and Intervention model to move from the traditional three-tiered…

Recent resounding dialogue surrounding school improvement has led to reform initiatives including Response to Instruction and Intervention (RTI[superscript 2]). Although all 50 states have implemented some form of an RTI model, Tennessee's state-wide framework to address struggling learners has placed us at the forefront of educational reform. The…

Since the early 2000s, federal, state, and local lawmakers and educators have worked to combat the "wait to fail" mentality and support higher student grade level academic achievements. Educators were tasked with finding teaching methods that better served academically struggling students, some of whom had specified learning…

The implementation of Response to Intervention (RTI) has increased over the years and provided students with the support needed to close the learning gap and succeed in school. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of the effectiveness of the RTI framework in a rural school district in Tennessee. The study included kindergarten…

The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant relationship existed between the variable of teacher's self-reported perceptions of Response to Intervention (RTI) and self-reported implementation of RTI with years of teaching experience. RTI can be defined as high-quality classroom instruction supported by research-based interventions…

The purpose of this study was to determine which of four Response to Intervention (RTI) programs, System 44, Read 180, Lexia Reading Core5, or Read Naturally, was most effective for alleviating phonics and phonemic awareness reading deficits in students struggling to read fluently and comprehensively. The problem related to this research is that…

Widespread school discipline problems came to forefront in the educational arena in the 1990s (Ogulmus & Vuran, 2016). Exclusionary practices (e.g., in- or out-of-school suspension, strict rules, or punishment [Skiba & Peterson, 2000]), also known as traditional school discipline practices (TSDP) (Scheuermann & Hall, 2011) have become…

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine teacher perceptions of the effectiveness of the Response to Intervention (RtI) framework with students who are acquiring English as a second language. Students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds have been disproportionately represented in special education programs for…

Students all learn at different rates and need a varying amount of support to reach goals based on individual needs. Response to Intervention (RtI) incorporates individualized research-based strategies based on individual students needs to help promote academic growth and is set up in three tier levels. The purpose of this quantitative ex post…

Response to Intervention and Instruction (RTI) is now the process for providing and monitoring reading interventions for students. In Tennessee, RTI is also used to identify students who may have a learning disability in the area of reading. For this reason, school districts are continuously evaluating the success of their RTI efforts in order to…

Response to Intervention and Instruction (RTI) is now the process for providing and monitoring reading interventions for students. In Tennessee, RTI is also used to identify students who may have a learning disability in the area of reading. For this reason, school districts are continuously evaluating the success of their RTI efforts in order to…

Response to Intervention and Instruction (RTI) is now the process for providing and monitoring reading interventions for students. In Tennessee, RTI is also used to identify students who may have a learning disability in the area of reading. For this reason, school districts are continuously evaluating the success of their RTI efforts in order to…

All individuals go through a process of change when implementing a new innovation. This descriptive study determines there is a difference in the stages of concern regarding Response to Instruction and Intervention (RTI 2), Tennessee's design model for Response to Intervention, (RTI) for 87 teachers from 8 different schools in a county in Middle…

While districts and schools continue to place more emphasis on personalized instruction and tiers of literacy interventions, more students are continuing to reach middle school without the ability to read on grade level. Much of the emphasis on the attainment of literacy skills occurs in the elementary grades. As a result, middle grades' literacy…