Validity evidence based on test content is of essential importance in educational testing. One source for such evidence is an alignment study, which helps evaluate the congruence between tested objectives and those specified in the curriculum. However, the results of an alignment study do not always sufficiently capture the degree to which a test…

This study compared the leadership orientations of Texas superintendents who had completed the Lamar University Executive Leadership Academy for Superintendents (LUELAS) with superintendents who had not completed the training. Specifically, this study was designed to determine whether there is a significant difference between the leadership…

The present study explored how negotiation of meaning occurred in task-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) environment among college English learners. Based on the theoretical framework of the interaction hypothesis and negotiation of meaning, four research questions arose: (1) how negotiation of meaning occur in non-native…