The study took a Rasch measurement theory approach to validating the 10-item Digital Literacy Scale (DLS) using the unidimensional rating scale model (RSM). To that end, the study used the data from a sample of online Turkish university students. The study began the Rasch analysis with all 10 items in the scale and, to improve in the local…

This study developed and validated the Turkish version of the Self-Directed Online Learning Scale (SDOLS-T) for assessing students' perceptions of their self-directed learning (SDL) ability in an online environment. Specifically, this study conducted in two stages multiple categorical confirmatory factor analyses factoring in the ordered…

The study aims to introduce to the Turkish culture a measurement tool that has proven validity and reliability in determining the level of quiet quitting among teachers. It involves the analysis of the validity and reliability of the Quiet Quitting Scale, as the scale is adapted to the Turkish culture. The scale, originally developed in English,…

Effective leadership is essential in transforming schools into vibrant learning environments that foster teachers' professional growth and boost student achievement. Among various leadership styles, transformational leadership, with its emphasis on vision, support, and innovation, stands out due to its potential to maximize performance and foster…