Specific memories of early negative life experiences (ENLE) and images play an important role in the cause and persistence of social anxiety. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of individual Cognitive Behavior Therapy (iCBT), which includes updating a specific memory of ENLE and related images using the empty chair technique,…

This mixed methods study examined the influence of cognitive behavioral approach based counsellor trainee support on prospective English teachers' public speaking anxiety and foreign language speaking anxiety in the class setting. The participants of the study included sixteen third-year prospective English teachers. Both quantitative and…

This meta-analysis synthesized results from test anxiety reduction programs. The treatment of test anxiety has been quite successful in reducing the test anxiety level of clients. The most effective treatments appear to be those that combine skill-focused approaches with behavior or cognitive approaches. Individually conducted programs, along with…