Linear factor analysis models used to examine constructs underlying the responses are not very suitable for dichotomous or polytomous response formats. The associated problems cannot be eliminated by polychoric or tetrachoric correlations in place of the Pearson correlation. Therefore, we considered parameters obtained from the NOHARM and FACTOR…

Digital badges are the components demonstrating competency and knowledge of the learners. The use of digital badges used to reflect the skills of learners is becoming increasingly widespread in the teaching environments. In addition, these badges are starting to take their places among documents such as certificates and diplomas. In this study,…