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Nooshin Shakiba; Karyn Stapleton – Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 2024
Swearing uses language forms that are taboo and potentially offensive. These are often used for emotional expression. Multilingual research shows that because the first language retains most emotional force (Dewaele [2004]. "The Emotional Force of Swearwords and Taboo Words in the Speech of Multilinguals." "Journal of Multilingual…
Descriptors: Immigrants, Indo European Languages, Native Language, Language Usage
Oakland, Thomas; Callueng, Carmelo; Rizwan, Muhammad; Aftab, Sobia – School Psychology International, 2012
Age, gender, and cross-national differences of children ages 9 through 16 in Pakistan (n = 463) and the United States (n = 500) are examined on four bipolar temperament styles: Extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible. In general, Pakistani children prefer extroverted over introverted, practical…
Descriptors: Cognitive Style, Personality Traits, Foreign Countries, Gender Differences
Oakland, Thomas; Pretorius, Jenny D.; Lee, Dong Hun – School Psychology International, 2008
Four bipolar temperament qualities (i.e. extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling and organized-flexible) of 800 South African children, ages 9-10, 11-12, 13-14 and 15-17, first are described and then compared to temperament qualities of 800 US children of the same ages. South African children do not differ in their…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Personality, Extraversion Introversion, Personality Traits
Oakland, Thomas; Lub, Li – School Psychology International, 2006
Preferences for four bipolar temperament qualities (i.e. extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling and organized-flexible styles) of 400 Chinese children, ages 9, 11, 13 and 15, first are described and then compared to temperament qualities of 3,539 US children of the same ages. Chinese children more frequently prefer…
Descriptors: Children, Foreign Countries, Extraversion Introversion, Cross Cultural Studies